Main concepts Speech Acts Making an utterance to communicate Everyday conversation Archieve some (més)

Main concepts Speech Acts Making an utterance to communicate Everyday conversation Archieve some of our goals (menys)

Main concepts Form vs. Pragmatic Function From?structural properties Pragmatic or Communicative (més)

Main concepts Form vs. Pragmatic Function From?structural properties Pragmatic or Communicative Function The intention of the utterance The force or the communicative intent Speaker’s intention and the hearer’s interpretation. (menys)

Main concepts Example: I want a coffee Form I? Subject want? VP A coffee? NP Pragmatic (més)

Main concepts Example: I want a coffee Form I? Subject want? VP A coffee? NP Pragmatic function Communicating the idea (menys)

Main concepts Locutionary? specific sense Illocutionary? the intention Perlocutionary? effects on (més)

Main concepts Locutionary? specific sense Illocutionary? the intention Perlocutionary? effects on hearer (menys)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with (més)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with me? B: Who are you going with? A: I’m going with my family. B: Oh, I see… I’m not sure I want to go. A: Alright. (menys)

Main concepts Indirectness? utterances interpreted in a non-literal way. The purpose or function (més)

Main concepts Indirectness? utterances interpreted in a non-literal way. The purpose or function is not the same as we can deduce in direct speech (menys)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with (més)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with me? B: Who are you going with? A: I’m going with my family. B: Oh, I see… I’m not sure I want to go. A: Alright. (menys)

Types of Speech Act Declaratives? ritualized utterances Representatives? statement of the (més)

Types of Speech Act Declaratives? ritualized utterances Representatives? statement of the speaker’s believes Expressives? the speaker’s feelings Directives? get the others to do something Commissives? the speaker commits to a future action (menys)

Examples Declaratives? “I declare you husband and wife” Representatives? “Exercise is good for (més)

Examples Declaratives? “I declare you husband and wife” Representatives? “Exercise is good for your health” Expressives? “I am not happy with him” Directives? “Can you open the door?” Commissives? “We’ll go to the cinema on Sunday I promise” (menys)

Index Polite behaviour Deference and Register Social and psychological bases Politeness (més)

Index Polite behaviour Deference and Register Social and psychological bases Politeness strategies Conclusion (menys)

Polite behaviour DEFINITION : A correct social behaviour which involves respect and which has been (més)

Polite behaviour DEFINITION : A correct social behaviour which involves respect and which has been firmly established in general practise. Contains conducts of verbal and non-verbal behaviour. (menys)

Examples for a polite behaviour When you are on a full bus and an old man comes in, you should (més)

Examples for a polite behaviour When you are on a full bus and an old man comes in, you should yield your seat to him. When you are in front of a door, entering or leaving a place, you see someone who comes behind you, you should hold the door for a while. (menys)

2. Deference and Register Deference and Register are usually confused with Politeness. DEFERENCE : (més)

2. Deference and Register Deference and Register are usually confused with Politeness. DEFERENCE : Level of respect that we show to a person who has a higher status in society or is socially distant to us (older person, someone with academic studies...). Is not directly related to politeness, but it is with it’s meaning. It requires particular forms of language. E.g. Madam, would you like to... You can be polite without having a deferential behaviour and vice versa. (menys)

2. Deference and Register REGISTER : A social imposition to use language according to a particular (més)

2. Deference and Register REGISTER : A social imposition to use language according to a particular social situation. It differs from politeness because you can feel free to use certain forms. A speaker can employ different registers depending on the context that he/she’s in. (menys)

2. Deference and Register To sum up: POLITE VERBAL BEHAVIOUR : Is the outcome of a set of verbal (més)

2. Deference and Register To sum up: POLITE VERBAL BEHAVIOUR : Is the outcome of a set of verbal strategies that the speakers use depending on their priorities. These are mainly two: individual goals and social harmony. (menys)

3. Social and psychological bases Kinds of decisions that speakers make in order to act politely (més)

3. Social and psychological bases Kinds of decisions that speakers make in order to act politely or impolitely. “Face” : A self outlined image in which we reflect our social approved behaviour. A correct delineation will show the person as a respected social member. “Face” has two sides: the positive face (desire to be liked, respected and accepted) and the negative face (desire to be autonomous). (menys)

3. Social and psychological bases “Common sense” : when a relationship is based on reciprocity; (més)

3. Social and psychological bases “Common sense” : when a relationship is based on reciprocity; you attend to a negative face, but latter on your negative face will be satisfied by the one you had protected. There are 4 basic perspectives on how to approach the study of politeness : (menys)

3. Social and psychological bases To have a socially acceptable polite behaviour there are some (més)

3. Social and psychological bases To have a socially acceptable polite behaviour there are some “maxims” (1) (principles) that must be complied. MAXIMS : Tact : minimize cost and maximise benefit to other. Generosity : minimize benefit and maximise cost to self. Approbation : minimize censure and maximise praise to other. Modesty : minimize praise and maximise dispraise of self. Agreement : minimize disagreement and maximise sympathy with other. (menys)

3. Social and psychological bases Conversational contract (2) : everyday conversations (or (més)

3. Social and psychological bases Conversational contract (2) : everyday conversations (or meetings) have a specific conversational contract consisting in rights and obligations. You can not act equally when you are with your teacher on his/her office and when you are with your friends in a pub. (menys)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness as an aspect of rational thinking (3) with (més)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness as an aspect of rational thinking (3) with Sociopragmatic Interactional Principle (SIP). They can be divided into: Fundamental (help manage people’s basic interactional motivations) Secondary (reflect people’s stylistic concerns) Each person chooses the point on the “scale”; depending on their personal and cultural values, and on what is required in a concrete situation. (menys)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness (4) : A system of strategies that speakers use to (més)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness (4) : A system of strategies that speakers use to diminish or avoid the face-threat that a verbal/non-verbal act may suppose for the others. Face-threatening acts : say/do something that is contrary to the addressee’s expectations. Face-saving acts : say/do something to acknowledge the addressee's face. (menys)

4. Politeness strategies The degree of face-threat takes into account their relationship with the (més)

4. Politeness strategies The degree of face-threat takes into account their relationship with the addressee in terms of: social distance, power and imposition. Strategies when you have to perform a face-threatening act: Do not perform the act. Perform the act off-record. Perform the act on-record with face-saving action focusing on addressee’s positive face. Perform the act on-record with face-saving action focusing on addressee’s negative face. Perform the act bald, on record, without any face-saving. (menys)

4. Politeness strategies There are two substrategies: Negatives politeness : hedging, pessimism, (més)

4. Politeness strategies There are two substrategies: Negatives politeness : hedging, pessimism, minimisation of imposition, apology and justification. Positive politeness : addressee’s interests, optimism, maximise value of imposition and consequent indebtedness. (menys)

5. Conclusion We can not criticize someone for being impolite or being too polite. Because (més)

5. Conclusion We can not criticize someone for being impolite or being too polite. Because politeness depends on the person, on the situation, but also depends on where are you from. (menys)