Main concepts Speech Acts Making an utterance to communicate Everyday conversation Archieve some (més)

Main concepts Speech Acts Making an utterance to communicate Everyday conversation Archieve some of our goals (menys)

Main concepts Form vs. Pragmatic Function From?structural properties Pragmatic or Communicative (més)

Main concepts Form vs. Pragmatic Function From?structural properties Pragmatic or Communicative Function The intention of the utterance The force or the communicative intent Speaker’s intention and the hearer’s interpretation. (menys)

Main concepts Example: I want a coffee Form I? Subject want? VP A coffee? NP Pragmatic (més)

Main concepts Example: I want a coffee Form I? Subject want? VP A coffee? NP Pragmatic function Communicating the idea (menys)

Main concepts Locutionary? specific sense Illocutionary? the intention Perlocutionary? effects on (més)

Main concepts Locutionary? specific sense Illocutionary? the intention Perlocutionary? effects on hearer (menys)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with (més)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with me? B: Who are you going with? A: I’m going with my family. B: Oh, I see… I’m not sure I want to go. A: Alright. (menys)

Main concepts Indirectness? utterances interpreted in a non-literal way. The purpose or function (més)

Main concepts Indirectness? utterances interpreted in a non-literal way. The purpose or function is not the same as we can deduce in direct speech (menys)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with (més)

Example A: I’m going to the beach tomorrow! B: Oh! Sounds really good! A: Why don’t you come with me? B: Who are you going with? A: I’m going with my family. B: Oh, I see… I’m not sure I want to go. A: Alright. (menys)

Types of Speech Act Declaratives? ritualized utterances Representatives? statement of the (més)

Types of Speech Act Declaratives? ritualized utterances Representatives? statement of the speaker’s believes Expressives? the speaker’s feelings Directives? get the others to do something Commissives? the speaker commits to a future action (menys)

Examples Declaratives? “I declare you husband and wife” Representatives? “Exercise is good for (més)

Examples Declaratives? “I declare you husband and wife” Representatives? “Exercise is good for your health” Expressives? “I am not happy with him” Directives? “Can you open the door?” Commissives? “We’ll go to the cinema on Sunday I promise” (menys)

Index Definition of pragmatics Main concepts Context Contextual malleability Communicative (més)

Index Definition of pragmatics Main concepts Context Contextual malleability Communicative situation Mental work Language awareness and competence Language awareness in language learning (menys)

Definition of Pragmatics Pragmatics is the science within linguistics that studies language from (més)

Definition of Pragmatics Pragmatics is the science within linguistics that studies language from the point of view of the speaker and the listener. It attempts to explain how people use the language to achieve their goals. (menys)

Main Concepts Context - the situation in which the communicative act takes place. Context (més)

Main Concepts Context - the situation in which the communicative act takes place. Context malleability Communicative situation – It varies depending on the context. Mental work – It is necessary to use language. Language awareness – “Know about the language” and not “know the language”. Be competent. Language awareness in language learning. Conscious learning Unconscious learning Meaning-based approach (menys)

Conclusion Pragmatics is a very important science, because it explains how does language works and (més)

Conclusion Pragmatics is a very important science, because it explains how does language works and how do we use it like that in each situation and not in another way. (menys)

What is a turn? Every conversation is organised into turns Usually short gaps They are formed by (més)

What is a turn? Every conversation is organised into turns Usually short gaps They are formed by at least two speakers - each speaker takes turns within conversation (menys)

Taking the turn Fluency and orderliness Turn organised into units - identified prosodically, (més)

Taking the turn Fluency and orderliness Turn organised into units - identified prosodically, intonationally, separated by pauses TRP (transition relevant place) Overlaps and silence – bad or good signal? (menys)

How to take a turn? 3 acts: planning, acknowledging, taking Planning: verbal or nonverbal (més)

How to take a turn? 3 acts: planning, acknowledging, taking Planning: verbal or nonverbal expressions Acknowledging: tokens (yeah, well) or connectives Taking the turn: TRP, tokens (listen, sorry to interrupt) (menys)

Holding and yielding Holding: risk of interruption ? avoiding pauses Yielding: no attemp from (més)

Holding and yielding Holding: risk of interruption ? avoiding pauses Yielding: no attemp from other participant to take the turn ?Questions, stopping speaking (menys)

Misunderstandings Backchannels signals Repair ? Self- initiated repair ? Other-initiated (més)

Misunderstandings Backchannels signals Repair ? Self- initiated repair ? Other-initiated repair ? Self-repair ? Other-repair Repairs are used in order to rectify a breakdown ? Misinterpretation ? Mishearing ? Non-hearing (menys)

Turn sequences Exchange ? minimal interactional unit ? at least 2 turns Adjacency pair ? (més)

Turn sequences Exchange ? minimal interactional unit ? at least 2 turns Adjacency pair ? the turn requires a response ? greeting, thanking (menys)

What is a speech event? Socially and culturally communicative activity Participants (més)

What is a speech event? Socially and culturally communicative activity Participants interaction Goal Norms of behaviour Predictable pattern Bounded activity (menys)

If we want to identify the different speech events we have to look at the components below. (més)

If we want to identify the different speech events we have to look at the components below. S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G Setting: Time and place Participants Ends: Important to have a goal Acts: Verbal and non verbal Key: State of participants Instruments: Channel Norms: Behaviour Genre: Lecture, chat, gossip Components of speech events (menys)

micro- and macro-analytical aspects of communication. Template or script ? succession of units (més)

micro- and macro-analytical aspects of communication. Template or script ? succession of units with a combination of topic and communicative function. Rhetorical analysis centres Narrative Descriptive Expository Argumentative Speech event structure (menys)

Narrative: orientation > goal > problem > resolution of problem > coda Descriptive: general (més)

Narrative: orientation > goal > problem > resolution of problem > coda Descriptive: general physical appearance > top part of body > bottom part of body > personality Expository/explanatory: purpose of study > state of art > presentation of research > results > comments on the results > conclusion Argumentative: introducing the issue > arguments against > arguments in favour > summarize position in favour (menys)

Stenström, 1994 Opening Greetings Polite (més)

Stenström, 1994 Opening Greetings Polite remarks Small Message Topics Subtopics Closing Winding-up talk Small Polite remarks Farewells (menys)

* Series of strategies: Introducing a topic Closing a topic Changing to one topic to (més)

* Series of strategies: Introducing a topic Closing a topic Changing to one topic to anotther Changing in the topic Ending resuming the topic Topic management (menys)

Norms of interacion: Related to the behaviour of the participant Norms of interpretation: (més)

Norms of interacion: Related to the behaviour of the participant Norms of interpretation: According to the speakrs and the culture. Norms of interaction and interpretation (menys)