Main concepts or notions: Speech event Components of a speech event Template (or script) of a (más)

Main concepts or notions: Speech event Components of a speech event Template (or script) of a speech event Topic management Norms of interaction and norms of interpretation (menos)

1. Speech event  Representative units of analysis capable of including both verbal (más)

1. Speech event  Representative units of analysis capable of including both verbal production and interpretation and context. e.g. a class, a conversation with a friend in the cafeteria, a drama performance, a graduation ceremony. (menos)

1.1 Some features Socially and culturally recognized communicative activity Participants (más)

1.1 Some features Socially and culturally recognized communicative activity Participants interact by means of language Goal-defined activity There are norms about the form and content of the participants’ behavior Activity developing according to a predictable pattern Bounded activity (menos)

3. Script of a speech event  Succession of units with a recognizable combination of (más)

3. Script of a speech event  Succession of units with a recognizable combination of topic and/or communicative function and which we will call ‘action units’. (menos)

3.1 Speech event strucutre When we analyze the structure of speech events in terms of scripts (más)

3.1 Speech event strucutre When we analyze the structure of speech events in terms of scripts is represented by the tradition of the rhetorical analysis of genres such as narrative, descriptive, expository and argumentative. (menos)

4. Topic management The efficient and effective management of topic by the speakers is not (más)

4. Topic management The efficient and effective management of topic by the speakers is not only important because it allows us to encapsulate the part of the world we want to act upon but also because it contributes to conveying an image of ourselves as efficient communicators and, consequently, worthy members of society (menos)

4.1 Some estrategies and resources Closing a topic in order to open a new one or to start the (más)

4.1 Some estrategies and resources Closing a topic in order to open a new one or to start the closing section of the conversation. Changing to a related topic or to a different one. Digressing or opening a parenthesis in a topic. Resources: meta-comments, variation in tempo and pauses. (menos)

5. Norms of interaction and interpretation Norms of interaction are related to both underlying (más)

5. Norms of interaction and interpretation Norms of interaction are related to both underlying prescriptions and internalized regularities which create certain expectations among the members of a social group about when and how speech should be used. (menos)

Norms of interpretation we refer to the social and cultural meanings associated with specific (más)

Norms of interpretation we refer to the social and cultural meanings associated with specific communicative actions. (menos)

Index Definition of politeness. Deferential behaviour. Positive and negative (más)

Index Definition of politeness. Deferential behaviour. Positive and negative faces. Strategies. Negative and positive politeness strategies. Different concepts of politeness. Conclusions. (menos)

Definition of politeness The word politeness describes actions undertaken by a person to another (más)

Definition of politeness The word politeness describes actions undertaken by a person to another and it is not limited to verbal behaviour*. A person who has respect and consideration to the others, has got a polite behaviour. (menos)

Deferential behaviour Deferential behaviour deals with the respect that we have with people of (más)

Deferential behaviour Deferential behaviour deals with the respect that we have with people of different ages and different social status than us. This is more rigid than polite behaviour and requires different registers. (menos)

Positive and negative faces Our social status depends on the situation and particularities that (más)

Positive and negative faces Our social status depends on the situation and particularities that involve us. There is a positive face in people (the wish of be respected by the others) and a negative face (the wish of be free and autonomous). (menos)

Strategies Polite verbal behaviour can be considered a result of series of logical decisions in (más)

Strategies Polite verbal behaviour can be considered a result of series of logical decisions in order to avoid a negative face of the others during a conversation. The strategies vary depending on the relationship that you have with the other person taking into account the social distance. (menos)

Negative and positive politeness strategies In order to be polite there is a list of substrategies (más)

Negative and positive politeness strategies In order to be polite there is a list of substrategies that can be classified as negative and positive politeness strategies. We use negative politeness strategies when they involve deferring to others and respect their privacy like pessimism sentences, apologies or justifications. We use positive politeness strategies to respect the rights of a person, to be understood showing sympathy and focusing addressee’s interests showing optimism. (menos)

Different concepts of politeness Not all the cultures have the same concept of politeness. For (más)

Different concepts of politeness Not all the cultures have the same concept of politeness. For example: In the Arabic culture there is a particular expectation of politeness that consists on when they finish they food and they have liked it, in order to give the thanks and show their satisfaction, they burp. In our culture this habit is considered as impolite. (menos)

Conclusions Politeness is a concept very important that we need to take into account for be seen (más)

Conclusions Politeness is a concept very important that we need to take into account for be seen like an educate person by the others. You have some strategies that you can follow in order to be polite. It is very important to have a different behaviour depending on each situation and the people who are you talking with. (menos)

1. GRAMMAR Example: Did you go to a ballet yesterday (correct grammar) You went to a ballet (más)

1. GRAMMAR Example: Did you go to a ballet yesterday (correct grammar) You went to a ballet yesterday? (not grammatically correct in written form) (menos)

2. SPEECH ACT OR COM. FUNCTION? The words we use to say it. The INTENTION, I want the sugar, pass (más)

2. SPEECH ACT OR COM. FUNCTION? The words we use to say it. The INTENTION, I want the sugar, pass it to me. 1. SPEECH ACT 2. COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION Example: CAN I HAVE THE SUGAR, PLEASE? (menos)

3. FORM/STRUCTURE and COM. FUCTION To analyze what we say we can make a distinction between FORM (más)

3. FORM/STRUCTURE and COM. FUCTION To analyze what we say we can make a distinction between FORM and COM. FUNCTION (menos)

4.1 Let’s have a look at an example! I’d like to go to the cinema someday to watch that new film… (más)

4.1 Let’s have a look at an example! I’d like to go to the cinema someday to watch that new film… Locutionary act: I’d like to go to the cinema someday to watch that new film… (grammar used). Illocutionary act: I want to go to the cinema I like it and I like that movie. Perlocutionary act: Do s/he wants to meet? Or s/he wants to go to the cinema; s/he likes it and likes that movie. (menos)

5. INDIRECTNESS Definition: an utterance whose intented purpose or function is different from that (más)

5. INDIRECTNESS Definition: an utterance whose intented purpose or function is different from that which can be deduced from the literal meaning of its constituents. DIRECT SPEECH ACT: Literal meaning INDIRECT SPEECH ACT: The context of the utterance (menos)

5.1 Let’s have a look at an example! Literal meaning That this is not his/her cup of tea Context (más)

5.1 Let’s have a look at an example! Literal meaning That this is not his/her cup of tea Context in mind Something that they are talking about is not its favourite thing DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Example: IT IS NOT MY CUP OF TEA. (menos)

6. KINDS OF SPEECH ACTS DECLARATIVES or PERFORMATIVES: Ritualized utterances. In a shop: Can I (más)

6. KINDS OF SPEECH ACTS DECLARATIVES or PERFORMATIVES: Ritualized utterances. In a shop: Can I help you? REPRESENTATIVES: Believes about the world. If you do this diet you will lose 3 kilos in 1 week! EXPRESSIVES: It has to be with feelings and emotions. I feel tired, let’s go home DIRECTIVES:: To get other to do something for you. I can’t pay the coffee, I forgot my purse, could you? COMMISIVES: To carry out a certain action in the future. I’ll pick up my luggage at 2. (menos)

Unit 3: Deixis ADRIAN JIMENEZ LOZA (más)

Unit 3: Deixis ADRIAN JIMENEZ LOZA DESCRIPTION AND USE OF ENGLISH 25/12/2012 (menos)

What “deixis” consist about? Any kind of conversation needs a point of reference or clear (más)

What “deixis” consist about? Any kind of conversation needs a point of reference or clear objective. These objectives or goals can be more or less explicit If not, a simple dialogue will not have an specific purpose. (menos)

When do we identify it? Takes place in expressions whose referent varies depending of the context (más)

When do we identify it? Takes place in expressions whose referent varies depending of the context used. Such references can be identified by markers, such as pronouns, demonstratives, temp. and loc. adverbs and also verbal tenses (menos)

Be aware about! Be cautious, those “markers” can work as non-deictic expressions: Deictic (más)

Be aware about! Be cautious, those “markers” can work as non-deictic expressions: Deictic use: Non-deictic: Oh, I did this and that (not have particular meaning) You may choose those ones (need certain info.) (menos)

There is more to know about Non-deictic usage shares several similarities with: - (más)

There is more to know about Non-deictic usage shares several similarities with: - Anaphoric-referential acts: Maria is our new student/ She is... “In this case. We avoid repetition”. Referential acts can be more explicit or less It will vary by our decision. (menos)

We are not finished yet! We can set up a distinction of deictic usage (when identifying a (más)

We are not finished yet! We can set up a distinction of deictic usage (when identifying a reference): Gestural usage: physical activity (nodding, point somewhere). Symbolic usage: deals with spatial and temporal circumstances. (menos)

Types of Deixis Personal: Basically pronouns and possesives (social factors are in mind when (más)

Types of Deixis Personal: Basically pronouns and possesives (social factors are in mind when refering to a particular participant). Place: demonstratives, adverbs and non-static verbs (go, take bring come). Time: Adverbs, adjectives, verbal tense and demonstratives (menos)

Conclusion Deictic usage takes place on real and daily conversations and it is and element to be (más)

Conclusion Deictic usage takes place on real and daily conversations and it is and element to be aware about. (“We use it subconsciously”) Thanks for your attention and have a nice day. (menos)