Introduction & Background American realist novel published in 1939. During the Great Depression (más)

Introduction & Background American realist novel published in 1939. During the Great Depression United States was devastated: People jobless. Their lands were “stolen” or not productive anymore. The Joads have to emigrate to find a better life. (menos)

A “Road Novel” Journey from Oklahoma to California, the “Promised Land” in order to find “jobs, (más)

A “Road Novel” Journey from Oklahoma to California, the “Promised Land” in order to find “jobs, land, dignity and a future”. Highway 66. Idea of the journey: from hope to despair. Process of learning, gaining consciousness. (menos)

Working & Living conditions Times of hardship. No jobs or jobs with low salaries: people abused (más)

Working & Living conditions Times of hardship. No jobs or jobs with low salaries: people abused and mistreated. Extreme life conditions – encampments. Poor, miserable, dirty and with no facilities. Entire families marginalized from society. (menos)

Attitudes towards migrant populations Universal attitude with aliens, specially towards the (más)

Attitudes towards migrant populations Universal attitude with aliens, specially towards the poor. People from Oklahoma, “Okies”, are victims of racism. They caused social, hygenic and labour problems. FEAR of a revolution. «How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children? » - Chapter 19. (menos)

Humanity, religion, morality and in the novel Criticism of Puritanism. A requestioning of what is (más)

Humanity, religion, morality and in the novel Criticism of Puritanism. A requestioning of what is morality: an Existentialist perspective. Religion should not dictate what we have to do. Individual does not matter. They have to unite in order to fight and to change things. (menos)

Conclusion Faith in humanity and in the community. It is the CAUSE what is important. Significant (más)

Conclusion Faith in humanity and in the community. It is the CAUSE what is important. Significant title: anger is necessary to fight for something better. Modern story with current themes: poverty, racism, unemployment… Like in Bruce Springsteen’s song, we still are “waitin’ on the ghost of Tom Joad.” (menos)

Bibliography Steinbeck, J. (1939). The Grapes of Wrath. London: Penguin Books. Wikipedia. (más)

Bibliography Steinbeck, J. (1939). The Grapes of Wrath. London: Penguin Books. Wikipedia. Retrieved February, 18, 2012 from www.wikipedia.com (menos)

Index Polite behaviour Deference and Register Social and psychological bases Politeness (más)

Index Polite behaviour Deference and Register Social and psychological bases Politeness strategies Conclusion (menos)

Polite behaviour DEFINITION : A correct social behaviour which involves respect and which has been (más)

Polite behaviour DEFINITION : A correct social behaviour which involves respect and which has been firmly established in general practise. Contains conducts of verbal and non-verbal behaviour. (menos)

Examples for a polite behaviour When you are on a full bus and an old man comes in, you should (más)

Examples for a polite behaviour When you are on a full bus and an old man comes in, you should yield your seat to him. When you are in front of a door, entering or leaving a place, you see someone who comes behind you, you should hold the door for a while. (menos)

2. Deference and Register Deference and Register are usually confused with Politeness. DEFERENCE : (más)

2. Deference and Register Deference and Register are usually confused with Politeness. DEFERENCE : Level of respect that we show to a person who has a higher status in society or is socially distant to us (older person, someone with academic studies...). Is not directly related to politeness, but it is with it’s meaning. It requires particular forms of language. E.g. Madam, would you like to... You can be polite without having a deferential behaviour and vice versa. (menos)

2. Deference and Register REGISTER : A social imposition to use language according to a particular (más)

2. Deference and Register REGISTER : A social imposition to use language according to a particular social situation. It differs from politeness because you can feel free to use certain forms. A speaker can employ different registers depending on the context that he/she’s in. (menos)

2. Deference and Register To sum up: POLITE VERBAL BEHAVIOUR : Is the outcome of a set of verbal (más)

2. Deference and Register To sum up: POLITE VERBAL BEHAVIOUR : Is the outcome of a set of verbal strategies that the speakers use depending on their priorities. These are mainly two: individual goals and social harmony. (menos)

3. Social and psychological bases Kinds of decisions that speakers make in order to act politely (más)

3. Social and psychological bases Kinds of decisions that speakers make in order to act politely or impolitely. “Face” : A self outlined image in which we reflect our social approved behaviour. A correct delineation will show the person as a respected social member. “Face” has two sides: the positive face (desire to be liked, respected and accepted) and the negative face (desire to be autonomous). (menos)

3. Social and psychological bases “Common sense” : when a relationship is based on reciprocity; (más)

3. Social and psychological bases “Common sense” : when a relationship is based on reciprocity; you attend to a negative face, but latter on your negative face will be satisfied by the one you had protected. There are 4 basic perspectives on how to approach the study of politeness : (menos)

3. Social and psychological bases To have a socially acceptable polite behaviour there are some (más)

3. Social and psychological bases To have a socially acceptable polite behaviour there are some “maxims” (1) (principles) that must be complied. MAXIMS : Tact : minimize cost and maximise benefit to other. Generosity : minimize benefit and maximise cost to self. Approbation : minimize censure and maximise praise to other. Modesty : minimize praise and maximise dispraise of self. Agreement : minimize disagreement and maximise sympathy with other. (menos)

3. Social and psychological bases Conversational contract (2) : everyday conversations (or (más)

3. Social and psychological bases Conversational contract (2) : everyday conversations (or meetings) have a specific conversational contract consisting in rights and obligations. You can not act equally when you are with your teacher on his/her office and when you are with your friends in a pub. (menos)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness as an aspect of rational thinking (3) with (más)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness as an aspect of rational thinking (3) with Sociopragmatic Interactional Principle (SIP). They can be divided into: Fundamental (help manage people’s basic interactional motivations) Secondary (reflect people’s stylistic concerns) Each person chooses the point on the “scale”; depending on their personal and cultural values, and on what is required in a concrete situation. (menos)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness (4) : A system of strategies that speakers use to (más)

3. Social and psychological bases Politeness (4) : A system of strategies that speakers use to diminish or avoid the face-threat that a verbal/non-verbal act may suppose for the others. Face-threatening acts : say/do something that is contrary to the addressee’s expectations. Face-saving acts : say/do something to acknowledge the addressee's face. (menos)

4. Politeness strategies The degree of face-threat takes into account their relationship with the (más)

4. Politeness strategies The degree of face-threat takes into account their relationship with the addressee in terms of: social distance, power and imposition. Strategies when you have to perform a face-threatening act: Do not perform the act. Perform the act off-record. Perform the act on-record with face-saving action focusing on addressee’s positive face. Perform the act on-record with face-saving action focusing on addressee’s negative face. Perform the act bald, on record, without any face-saving. (menos)

4. Politeness strategies There are two substrategies: Negatives politeness : hedging, pessimism, (más)

4. Politeness strategies There are two substrategies: Negatives politeness : hedging, pessimism, minimisation of imposition, apology and justification. Positive politeness : addressee’s interests, optimism, maximise value of imposition and consequent indebtedness. (menos)

5. Conclusion We can not criticize someone for being impolite or being too polite. Because (más)

5. Conclusion We can not criticize someone for being impolite or being too polite. Because politeness depends on the person, on the situation, but also depends on where are you from. (menos)

What is a speech event It must have that features: socially / culturally recognized communicative (más)

What is a speech event It must have that features: socially / culturally recognized communicative activity - Language interaction - a goal - Norms of Behavior - Predictable Pattern Opening and ending (menos)

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G Setting: Place, Time and personal outline Participants. Ends: Must have a (más)

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G Setting: Place, Time and personal outline Participants. Ends: Must have a goal Acts: Verbal and non verbal Key: State of mind Instrument: Channel and variety Norms: Behaviour and interpretation Genre: Gossip, Chat, Prayer (menos)

Speaking Template Opening Greeting Remarks Small talk Message Topic Subtopic Ending Winding (más)

Speaking Template Opening Greeting Remarks Small talk Message Topic Subtopic Ending Winding up Polte remarks Farewell (menos)

Topic Management To change form one topic to another Many operations to change it Many other (más)

Topic Management To change form one topic to another Many operations to change it Many other resources to manage (menos)

Norms of interaction and interpretation Norms of interaction: Referred to the behavior Norms (más)

Norms of interaction and interpretation Norms of interaction: Referred to the behavior Norms of interpretation: According to the culture and the speakers. (menos)