Index Notions and concepts Politeness, Deference and Register Bases of politeness Politeness (more)

Index Notions and concepts Politeness, Deference and Register Bases of politeness Politeness strategies Negative politeness Positive politeness Conclusions (less)

1.a. politeness, deference, register Polite behaviour - avoid offence and basically respect the (more)

1.a. politeness, deference, register Polite behaviour - avoid offence and basically respect the other people we come in contact with. Linguistic politeness is not limited to verbal behaviour. It incorporates the verbal and non-verbal aspects of the language use that help us establish and maintain social relations. “Etiquette” (less)

Deference the respect we show to a person who is socially distant and has a higher status. (more)

Deference the respect we show to a person who is socially distant and has a higher status. Politeness is not influenced by the social status. Deferential linguistic behaviour is stricter and usually associated with specific social scenarios. It requires the use of specific forms of language (“Madam”, “would like to” etc.) One can be polite without being deferential (using those particular expressions) and vice versa. 1.a. politeness, deference, register (less)

Deference: politeness behaviour addressed to a socially distant person politeness behaviour (more)

Deference: politeness behaviour addressed to a socially distant person politeness behaviour addressed to a socially close interlocutor respect or deference friendliness, camaraderie or solidarity 1.a. politeness, deference, register (less)

Register social imposition to use language according to a particular social situation. E.g. (more)

Register social imposition to use language according to a particular social situation. E.g. the language and register used in court trial Politeness ?the freedom of the speaker to use certain forms. 1.a. politeness, deference, register (less)

POLITE VERBAL BEHAVIOUR The sum of a series of verbal/non-verbal strategies that a speaker adopts (more)

POLITE VERBAL BEHAVIOUR The sum of a series of verbal/non-verbal strategies that a speaker adopts in order to establish and maintain harmonious relations with others. Act politely or impolitely: choose between individual goals and social harmony 1.a. politeness, deference, register (less)

1.b. bases of politeness Psychological and social bases The role of politeness in social (more)

1.b. bases of politeness Psychological and social bases The role of politeness in social life Respected public image We must know the expectations of our interlocutor. “face” a pattern of verbal and non-verbal acts by which a person adopts a certain position towards a social situation and its participants. Successful decision ? respected social member of the society (less)

1.b. bases of politeness Positive face the desire to be liked, respected and accepted by the (more)

1.b. bases of politeness Positive face the desire to be liked, respected and accepted by the other people sacrifice your individual goals and respect the other’s threatens your own negative face Negative face: the desire to be independent, defy imposition in order to fulfil one’s individual goals. satisfy your wishes by imposing your preferences threatens the other person’s negative face (less)

1.b. bases of politeness “common sense”: reciprocity in the protection of each other’s faces by (more)

1.b. bases of politeness “common sense”: reciprocity in the protection of each other’s faces by yielding to the other’s wish? social relation based on reciprocity E.g. “Two friends who have to decide which movie to pick at the cinema. ” (less)

1.b. bases of politeness “conversational contract” All types of everyday life of encounters of (more)

1.b. bases of politeness “conversational contract” All types of everyday life of encounters of social members are associated with particular conversational contracts Contract – consists of rights and obligations that participants adopt. E.g. “a meeting between the boss and the worker” (the worker knows how to behave in front of his boss, because his boss has the power and he is clearly in inferiority) (less)

strategies that speakers use in order to diminish/ avoid a face-threat act of the other. (more)

strategies that speakers use in order to diminish/ avoid a face-threat act of the other. face-threatening acts – saying/doing something that is contrary to the interlocutor’s expectations face-saving acts – saying/doing something to distinguish the addressee’s face To evaluate the degree of face-threat one must take into account three variables: the social distance the power the imposition (the cost) 1.b. bases of politeness (less)

2.a. negative politeness SUBSTRATEGIES these strategies are used to save the other’s negative (more)

2.a. negative politeness SUBSTRATEGIES these strategies are used to save the other’s negative face (less)

2.b. positive politeness these strategies are used to reinforce the other’s positive face (more)

2.b. positive politeness these strategies are used to reinforce the other’s positive face SUBSTRATEGIES (less)

Polite linguistic behaviour is the sum of a series of verbal and non-verbal strategies that a (more)

Polite linguistic behaviour is the sum of a series of verbal and non-verbal strategies that a speaker adopts in order to establish and maintain harmonious relations with the other members of our society. Sometimes pertaining to a group may be more important than our individualistic goals. The concept of politeness varies according to the society we live in. 3. CONCLUSIONS (less)

Speech acts Language ? grammar rules (more)

Speech acts Language ? grammar rules conforming the rules Grammar violating the rules 2 (less)

Speech acts Main goal ? communicate the message Communicative function Basic units ? speech (more)

Speech acts Main goal ? communicate the message Communicative function Basic units ? speech acts 3 (less)

Speech acts possible Communication (more)

Speech acts possible Communication impossible Mismatch ? 3 points of view 5 (less)

Speech acts “Can you close the door?” Locutionary act Ilocutionary act (more)

Speech acts “Can you close the door?” Locutionary act Ilocutionary act Perlocutionary act literal meaning real intention interpretation grammatically to open the door answer/open the door 6 (less)

Indirectness Indirectness ? natural in language use Direct speech ? literal meaning Indirect (more)

Indirectness Indirectness ? natural in language use Direct speech ? literal meaning Indirect speech ? non-literal meaning 7 (less)

Indirectness “I feel like a cup of coffee” Direct speech acts Indirect speech (more)

Indirectness “I feel like a cup of coffee” Direct speech acts Indirect speech acts Am I a cup of coffee? I want a cup of coffee 8 (less)

Types of speech acts Declaratives ?statements Representatives ?speaker beliefs Expressive (more)

Types of speech acts Declaratives ?statements Representatives ?speaker beliefs Expressive ?speaker’s own feelings Directives ?intend others to do something Commissive ?carry out future actions 9 (less)

CONCEPTS Most of the dictionaries would agree that what characterizes a conversation is the (more)

CONCEPTS Most of the dictionaries would agree that what characterizes a conversation is the organization in turns Feed-back ? response from other people (less)

TAKING THE TURN The turn taking is the interruption of someone while another person is speaking (more)

TAKING THE TURN The turn taking is the interruption of someone while another person is speaking that happens simultaneously Overlaps may also be seen as a positive sign Taking the turn involves the use of three sets of verbal strategies: - mental planning of the message - acknowledging the contribution of the previous speaker - taking the floor A participant in a conversation should be able to hold the turn or yield it to another participant (less)

UNDERSTANDINGS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS The Backchannel involves some signals – eye-glances, (more)

UNDERSTANDINGS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS The Backchannel involves some signals – eye-glances, nodding the head and smiles It is possible that in some conversations appear a lack of understanding due to a misinterpretation, a mishearing or a non-hearing Repairs: - self-initiated repair - other-initiated repair - self-repair - other-repair Intonation take a very important part (less)

TURN SEQUENCES Exchange ? minimal interactional unit which consists of at least two turns (more)

TURN SEQUENCES Exchange ? minimal interactional unit which consists of at least two turns Adjacency pair ? subgroup of exchanges where is more likely to continue or respond anything related to the first sentence (less)

INDEX Introduction to previous concepts. Definition of speech event. Components of a speech (more)

INDEX Introduction to previous concepts. Definition of speech event. Components of a speech event. Structure of speech events. (less)

DEFINITION Speech events are units which include verbal interaction and context (i.e. a (more)

DEFINITION Speech events are units which include verbal interaction and context (i.e. a communicative situation and speech acts). (less)

NORMS OF INTERACTION Regularities or patterns of behavior that the speaker “should” follow (more)

NORMS OF INTERACTION Regularities or patterns of behavior that the speaker “should” follow during the speech event. (less)