After Henry VIII, Before Elizabeth I During the reigns of Henry VIII and his three children, (more)

After Henry VIII, Before Elizabeth I During the reigns of Henry VIII and his three children, England underwent a religious revolution. Mary I died childless in 1558. Young Elizabeth was then declared Queen. 3 (less)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Religion: Elizabeth was protestant. She inherited a kingdom divided and (more)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Religion: Elizabeth was protestant. She inherited a kingdom divided and fearful of further religious persecution. Catholic plots against her. Within protestants she also had detractors: Puritans. 4 (less)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Mary Queen of Scots: She was Elizabeth’s cousin. She plotted the murder (more)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) Mary Queen of Scots: She was Elizabeth’s cousin. She plotted the murder of her husband and she was forced to abdicate. She escaped to England. She was catholic and therefore a potential catholic leader if Elizabeth died. She plotted against Elizabeth and finally was beheaded. 5 (less)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) The Spanish Armada After the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (catholic) (more)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) The Spanish Armada After the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (catholic) Philip of Spain decided to act against Europe’s strongest Protestant ruler. The Spanish took for granted that they would defeat the English. However, bad strategies and bad weather conditions made Spain fail. The victory of the English secured the reputation of Elizabeth I. 6 (less)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) The Virgin Queen The Queen used that image (of a virgin Queen) as if she (more)

Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) The Virgin Queen The Queen used that image (of a virgin Queen) as if she was only dedicated to her people. She presented herself as an icon that people would worship. During her reign, there were sorts of parades to popularize and emphasize the power and image of the Queen. 7 (less)

Elizabethan England: A time of Contrasts It was the origins of England sea-power Modern geography (more)

Elizabethan England: A time of Contrasts It was the origins of England sea-power Modern geography began and colonial expansion. Grammar schools Prodigious literary flowering London: a great commercial town but very disorganized. No sanitation. 8 (less)

Elizabethan England: A time of Contrasts Far from being a peaceful and prosperous reign: More (more)

Elizabethan England: A time of Contrasts Far from being a peaceful and prosperous reign: More religious deserters were executed than in her sister’s reign Protracted wars ? Millions of pounds in debt Wages reached their lower level Increased crime, malnutrition and homelessness. Spain retained mastery of the seas The country was divided by deep religious differences Corruption 9 (less)

Bibliography A.N. Wilson. The Elizabethans Alison Weir. Elizabeth the Queen John O’Farrell. An (more)

Bibliography A.N. Wilson. The Elizabethans Alison Weir. Elizabeth the Queen John O’Farrell. An Utterly Impartial History of Britain or 2000 years of Upper Class Idiots in Charge. 1991 10 (less)

The Middle Ages, 1154 - 1485 A period of massive social change, burgeoning nationalism, (more)

The Middle Ages, 1154 - 1485 A period of massive social change, burgeoning nationalism, international conflict, climate change, rebellion, resistance and renaissance. CONTEXT (less)

HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET Founded by Geoffrey V of Anjou, father of Henry II of England, first (more)

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HISTORY Establishment of the House of Lancaster on 1399 by Henry IV. Henry V mantained the family (more)

HISTORY Establishment of the House of Lancaster on 1399 by Henry IV. Henry V mantained the family held to the crown. Infant Henry VI inherit the trone, and for this, the Lancastrian claim the throne. When the Black Prince's line failed, the crown should have passed by law of primogeniture to Edmund Mortimer, as the descendant of Lionel of Antwerp. But it did not; and this was the crucial issue in what became known as the Wars of the Roses. Richard, Duke of York, challenged the throne to Henry VI (alliance with the Queen Margaret of Anjou (less)

WARS 1st open war 1455: First Battle of St Albans. The Earl of Warwick, invaded England and (more)

WARS 1st open war 1455: First Battle of St Albans. The Earl of Warwick, invaded England and captured Henry at the Battle of Northampt. York and his son Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460 (less)

Lancastrian recaptured Henry at the Second Battle of St Albans. Edward was proclaimed King Edward (more)

Lancastrian recaptured Henry at the Second Battle of St Albans. Edward was proclaimed King Edward IV, and won the Battle of Towton in 1461. Edward IV of England Reign: 1461 – 1470 (less)

THE OUTCOME A period of peace followed. King Edward died in 1483. His surviving brother, (more)

THE OUTCOME A period of peace followed. King Edward died in 1483. His surviving brother, Richard of Gloucester, seized the throne for himself, using the suspect legitimacy of Edward IV's marriage as pretext. . (less)

THE OUTCOME Henry Tudor defeated Richard at Bosworth in 1485. He was crowned Henry VII, and (more)

THE OUTCOME Henry Tudor defeated Richard at Bosworth in 1485. He was crowned Henry VII, and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, to unite and reconcile the two houses (less)

The Wars of Roses took place between the years 1455 and 1485, with a final victory that went to (more)

The Wars of Roses took place between the years 1455 and 1485, with a final victory that went to the Lancastrian claimant, Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkist king Richard III and married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York to unite the two houses. HENRY VII Reign: 1485 – 1509 (less)

The House of Tudor subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years. THE EMBLEM OF THE (more)

The House of Tudor subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years. THE EMBLEM OF THE TUDORS FUSION OF BOTH ROSES (less)

Major Facts Reigned 1509 – 1547 Second monarch of the House of Tudor Six marriages England – a (more)

Major Facts Reigned 1509 – 1547 Second monarch of the House of Tudor Six marriages England – a Protestant nation (less)

Development of Protestantism Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not produce a male child (more)

Development of Protestantism Henry’s wife, Catherine of Aragon, did not produce a male child he started a relationship with Anne Boleyn. The Pope and the Church against his decision for a divorce he declared himself the Head of Church and State of England. (less)

A Divided Society Society was divided into Catholics and Protestants Fights between and within (more)

A Divided Society Society was divided into Catholics and Protestants Fights between and within the group (less)

Interesting Facts Henry VIII remained Catholic until his death. He was an intellectual and the (more)

Interesting Facts Henry VIII remained Catholic until his death. He was an intellectual and the first king with a modern humanist education. He was a musician, author and poet. (less)

Introduction & Background American realist novel published in 1939. During the Great Depression (more)

Introduction & Background American realist novel published in 1939. During the Great Depression United States was devastated: People jobless. Their lands were “stolen” or not productive anymore. The Joads have to emigrate to find a better life. (less)

A “Road Novel” Journey from Oklahoma to California, the “Promised Land” in order to find “jobs, (more)

A “Road Novel” Journey from Oklahoma to California, the “Promised Land” in order to find “jobs, land, dignity and a future”. Highway 66. Idea of the journey: from hope to despair. Process of learning, gaining consciousness. (less)

Working & Living conditions Times of hardship. No jobs or jobs with low salaries: people abused (more)

Working & Living conditions Times of hardship. No jobs or jobs with low salaries: people abused and mistreated. Extreme life conditions – encampments. Poor, miserable, dirty and with no facilities. Entire families marginalized from society. (less)

Attitudes towards migrant populations Universal attitude with aliens, specially towards the (more)

Attitudes towards migrant populations Universal attitude with aliens, specially towards the poor. People from Oklahoma, “Okies”, are victims of racism. They caused social, hygenic and labour problems. FEAR of a revolution. «How can you frighten a man whose hunger is not only in his own cramped stomach but in the wretched bellies of his children? » - Chapter 19. (less)

Humanity, religion, morality and in the novel Criticism of Puritanism. A requestioning of what is (more)

Humanity, religion, morality and in the novel Criticism of Puritanism. A requestioning of what is morality: an Existentialist perspective. Religion should not dictate what we have to do. Individual does not matter. They have to unite in order to fight and to change things. (less)

Conclusion Faith in humanity and in the community. It is the CAUSE what is important. Significant (more)

Conclusion Faith in humanity and in the community. It is the CAUSE what is important. Significant title: anger is necessary to fight for something better. Modern story with current themes: poverty, racism, unemployment… Like in Bruce Springsteen’s song, we still are “waitin’ on the ghost of Tom Joad.” (less)

Bibliography Steinbeck, J. (1939). The Grapes of Wrath. London: Penguin Books. Wikipedia. (more)

Bibliography Steinbeck, J. (1939). The Grapes of Wrath. London: Penguin Books. Wikipedia. Retrieved February, 18, 2012 from www.wikipedia.com (less)