Contents What is a speech act? Notions and Concepts Example Linguistic Analysis Differences in (more)

Contents What is a speech act? Notions and Concepts Example Linguistic Analysis Differences in oral/ written language Conclusion (less)

1. What is a speech act? „A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when producing an (more)

1. What is a speech act? „A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when producing an utterance.“ (less)

Form vs. Communicative Function Follow grammar rules Fixed structures Structures cannot be (more)

Form vs. Communicative Function Follow grammar rules Fixed structures Structures cannot be changed Context of utterance Understanding of utterances does not depend on grammatical correctness (less)

Direct vs. Indirect speech Declarative structures (statements) e.g.: „She wears a black (more)

Direct vs. Indirect speech Declarative structures (statements) e.g.: „She wears a black dress.“ Imperative structures (command) e.g.: „Leave me alone!“ Utterances that: have an intention Can be interpretated by the recipient Contain a communicative force e.g.: questions, commands, rejection, etc. (less)

4. Linguistic analysis incorrect use of language: words are missing, no plural, incorrect (more)

4. Linguistic analysis incorrect use of language: words are missing, no plural, incorrect structures, etc. e.g.: “ I wanna 2 piece .” “ I wanna fork.” Accent (less)

4. Linguistic Analysis use and understanding of the swear word Interrogative: request is (more)

4. Linguistic Analysis use and understanding of the swear word Interrogative: request is misunderstood e.g.: “I wanna sheet on my bed.” “ You better not shit on your bed (…).” (less)

5. Differences oral / written language Accents, dialects and incorrect use of language can lead to (more)

5. Differences oral / written language Accents, dialects and incorrect use of language can lead to misunderstandings Written language is easier to understand although language in utterance incorrect (less)

6. Conclusion Speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act Further notions and (more)

6. Conclusion Speech acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act Further notions and concepts: form and communicative funcion, direct and indirect speech less problems in understanding written than oral language Incorrect use of grammar rules, dialects and accents (less)

What are speech events? Speech events are social situations where people comunicate throughout (more)

What are speech events? Speech events are social situations where people comunicate throughout language. The atmosphere and thus the conversations are quite often determined by the situation which mostly contains a strict program (less)

Example Imagine yourself having to do an oral exam. The setting probably will be you sitting in a (more)

Example Imagine yourself having to do an oral exam. The setting probably will be you sitting in a classroom with your professor. The mood will be quite stressful, especially for you. During an oral exam you come in, greet the professor and then he asks you some questions. You’ll get some time to prepare your answers and when you’re ready, you tell the professor all you know about the subject. During this oral exam the professor may change the subject to see what else you know, but after the questions you and the professor discuss your performance, and then you’re off. (less)

Example Now imagine an oral exam, but instead of you answering the professor’s questions, you’re (more)

Example Now imagine an oral exam, but instead of you answering the professor’s questions, you’re both talking about last week’s tennis match, doing this at a bar having a beer. It’s clear that this example doesn’t agree with the norms that a speech event should have in order to be correct (less)

The components that determine a speech event A speech event is formed by a number of factors which (more)

The components that determine a speech event A speech event is formed by a number of factors which determine or change the whole situation The setting: e.g. at church The persons involved: e.g. a doctor and his patient The mood of the speakers: e.g. happy, stressed, annoyed The medium for conversation: e.g. cell phone, text message, e-mail The type of conversation: e.g. a tutorial, a prayer, a coach yelling out instructions (less)

The script of the speech event A speech event consists of a specific structure which is carried (more)

The script of the speech event A speech event consists of a specific structure which is carried out almost every time a similar event occurs. The two main parts are the opening and the closing of the event. Between these two there are a number of other “scenes” of the script that may vary from situation to situation (less)

Example A very clear example is calling for roadside assistance. The speech event is opened by (more)

Example A very clear example is calling for roadside assistance. The speech event is opened by the operator greeting you and you greeting him back. The next part is telling what the problem is. The operator will ask you where you are at the moment, ask for your personal data and maybe what your insurance company is. At the end the operator will send a car for assistance, you will thank him for his help, you will tell each other goodbye and end the speech event (less)

The script of the speech event The former was a clear example of a speech event where there is a (more)

The script of the speech event The former was a clear example of a speech event where there is a very strict structure that will occur almost every time a similar event takes place. The speakers are only focused on the problem and not talking about other elements that are not relevant for the situation such as the weather. Just like during a wedding or a funeral the speech event stays focused on the situation and doesn’t switch off to another one (less)

Topic management talks about: Choosing the starting subject of the conversation How to close (more)

Topic management talks about: Choosing the starting subject of the conversation How to close the subject to start another one or to stop the conversation How to change to a related subject or to change to another one How to stray off of the subject How to get back to the subject (less)

Topic management People manage to do this by using: Brief boundary tokens: e.g. ok, but, (more)

Topic management People manage to do this by using: Brief boundary tokens: e.g. ok, but, anyway,… Meta-comments in order to draw the attention: “You know what happened to me the other day?” “Hey, there’s something I’d like to tell you.” Changes in tempo of speech Pauses: periods of silence or filling the gaps by backchannels: uhuh, mmh (less)

Example Here’s an example about how the subject is chosen and about how people tend to stray off (more)

Example Here’s an example about how the subject is chosen and about how people tend to stray off and come back to the subject A: Hey Tom! B: Hey Kevin! How are you doing? A: Fine, thanks. How are you? B: I’m fine as well. A: Oh, very good. Hey, guess what I just heard! Bert is dating Susan! B: Susan? I just saw her brother Lewis yesterday. A: Oh, really? How’s he doing? I bet he’ll be mad when he finds out his sister is dating his best friend. B: Yeah, I can imagine! (less)

Norms of interaction and interpretation By norms of interaction we refer to the way people are (more)

Norms of interaction and interpretation By norms of interaction we refer to the way people are allowed or prohibited to take part in a conversation and to know when to start talking (less)

Example In Muslim culture woman are prohibited to talk when men are having a discussion. European (more)

Example In Muslim culture woman are prohibited to talk when men are having a discussion. European women, who are always talking, need to know this type of rule that is common in Muslim culture before going to an Arabic country and wanting to interact in a conversation in order not to be frowned upon (less)

Norms of interaction and interpretation The term ‘norms of interpretation’ refers to the way (more)

Norms of interaction and interpretation The term ‘norms of interpretation’ refers to the way conversation should be interpreted in order to understand it correctly (less)

Example In Spain it is seen normal to refer to your professor by his first name or to say ‘tú’ (more)

Example In Spain it is seen normal to refer to your professor by his first name or to say ‘tú’ instead of ‘usted’ In more northern European countries such as Belgium the Dutch term for ‘tú’ which is ‘jij’, is only used to refer to people that have a close relation to you such as friends or family. In Belgium, professors are always referred to as ‘u’, which is the Dutch term for ‘usted’. If you want to be respectful towards your professor, acknowledging that he worked hard to achieve the title of professor, you may turn to him using the term ‘professor’ which will always be appreciated. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Estadística dels accidents laborals a catalunya durant el mes de (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Estadística dels accidents laborals a catalunya durant el mes de febrer de l’any 2008 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Els accidents objecte de l’estudi son aquells que han produit (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Els accidents objecte de l’estudi son aquells que han produit baixa laboral. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Entenem per accident lleu aquell que un cop la persona s’ha (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Entenem per accident lleu aquell que un cop la persona s’ha recuperat de l’accident pot tornar a fer una vida normalitzada (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Entenem per accident greu aquell on la persona no s’arriba a (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Entenem per accident greu aquell on la persona no s’arriba a recuperar totalment, deixant rossècs per a tota la vida. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Entenem per accident mortal aquell en la cual,l’afectat perd la (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Entenem per accident mortal aquell en la cual,l’afectat perd la vida. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 No son objecte d’aquest estudi: Els accidents sense baixa (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 No son objecte d’aquest estudi: Els accidents sense baixa laboral, ja siguin lleus, blancs o de farmaciola. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Sector de la industria: 46899 Lleus: 46530 Greus: 348 Mortals: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Sector de la industria: 46899 Lleus: 46530 Greus: 348 Mortals: 21 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Sector de la construcció: 35335 Lleus: 34916 Greus: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Sector de la construcció: 35335 Lleus: 34916 Greus: 387 Mortals: 32 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Les dades absolutes no ens donen gaire informació Necessitem (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Les dades absolutes no ens donen gaire informació Necessitem dades relatives (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Nombre (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Nombre d’accidents per cada 100000 afiliats/des a la seguretat social (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Província de (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Província de Barcelona: 5.640,22 Lleus: 5.596,13 Greus: 40,86 Mortals: 3,23 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Provincia de Girona: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Provincia de Girona: 6311,28 Lleus: 6262,77 Greus: 44,37 Mortals: 4,14 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Provincia de Lleida: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Provincia de Lleida: 5661 Lleus: 5566,31 Greus: 86,96 Mortals: 7,73 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Provincia de Tarragona: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Provincia de Tarragona: 5883,33 Lleus:5820,75 Greus: 57,77 Mortals: 4,81 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de l’agricultura: 4997,32 Lleus: 4911,66 Greus: 78,37 Mortals: 7,29 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de la industria: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de la industria: 8532,15 Lleus: 8465,02 Greus: 63,31 Mortals: 3,82 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de la construcció: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de la construcció: 12184,37 Lleus: 12039,88 Greus: 133,45 Mortals: 11,03 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de serveis: (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 ÍNDEX D’INCIDÈNCIA Sector de serveis: 3980,62 Lleus: 3952,09 Greus: 26,05 Mortals: 2,49 (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Accidents lleus: Hi han hagut mes accidents en Girona amb un (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Accidents lleus: Hi han hagut mes accidents en Girona amb un índex d’incidencia amb un mínim de 800 punts de diferència sobre la resta de províncies. Per tant la diferència es significativa. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Accidents greus: hi han hagut mes accidents a: Lleida duplicant (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Accidents greus: hi han hagut mes accidents a: Lleida duplicant l’index d’incidencia de Barcelona. Per tant la diferència es molt significativa. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Accidents mortals: Hi han hagut mes accidents a Lleida tornant a (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Accidents mortals: Hi han hagut mes accidents a Lleida tornant a duplicar l’index d’incidència de la resta de provincies. Per tant la diferencia es molt significativa. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 El sector amb mes accidents lleus, greus i mortals ha sigut la (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 El sector amb mes accidents lleus, greus i mortals ha sigut la construcció, doblant i triplicant tots els sectors, excepte, el de la industria. (less)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Podem observar que la taxa d’accidents es molt alta, i que, (more)

Accidents laborals febrer de 2008 Podem observar que la taxa d’accidents es molt alta, i que, l’any 2008 no va disminuir practicament res en comparació amb altres anys, pero podem destacar també que no ha pujat. Veiem el gràfic (less)

LUIS MOLINA ALMANZA CICLO 2011-1 Módulo: Unidad: 1 Semana: 1 FORMULACION Y EVALUACION (more)

LUIS MOLINA ALMANZA CICLO 2011-1 Módulo: Unidad: 1 Semana: 1 FORMULACION Y EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS (less)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO Las teorías del desarrollo, entendidas en su sentido actual, pretenden (more)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO Las teorías del desarrollo, entendidas en su sentido actual, pretenden identificar las condiciones socioeconómicas y las estructuras económicas necesarias para hallar una senda de desarrollo humano y crecimiento económico sostenido (less)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - LIBERALISMO El camino exitoso al desarrollo se logra, según realizaron (more)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - LIBERALISMO El camino exitoso al desarrollo se logra, según realizaron los actuales países ricos, mediante la acumulación de riquezas, aumento de producción e innovación tecnológica. Estas fueron las primeras teorías sobre el desarrollo. (less)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - KEYNESIANISMO Según la teoría del keynesianismo, el liberalismo tiene (more)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - KEYNESIANISMO Según la teoría del keynesianismo, el liberalismo tiene defectos que dificultan el desarrollo de los países, lo que hace necesarias reformas estructurales a los países pobres, o incluso a la economía global. (less)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - MARXISMO Los países subdesarrollados, aunque realicen reformas tanto (more)

TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - MARXISMO Los países subdesarrollados, aunque realicen reformas tanto internas como en el Comercio Mundial, jamás llegaran al desarrollo, ya que los países que ya se han desarrollado se lo impiden por que no es conveniente. La conclusión que se obtiene es que para desarrollarse debe hacerse otro modelo económico alternativo. Como el socialismo soviético o el teórico de Marx. (less)

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TEORIAS DEL DESARROLLO - HUMANISMO El principal error es enfocarse tanto en el método que olvidan el objetivo, y que no es, necesariamente, el desarrollo económico. Este enfoque es muy critico del capitalismo, sosteniendo que se deben realizar cambios radicales al sistema económico, para garantizar mayor bienestar de la gente, que es lo que si importa. (less)